Skeletal Muscle Reserch across Structural Levels
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چکیده
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscles have a natural structure, and the different structural elements can be exploited to address problems in muscle mechanics. In human biomechanics, muscles are often studied as entire groups spanning a joint. The next lower level of investigation is the isolated muscle typically activated by direct electrical stimulation. Much of the 20 century research aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of contraction was performed on isolated fascicles or single fibres, either in the intact (fibres with intact membranes that can be stimulated electrically) or skinned preparation (membranes are removed chemically or mechanically and activation occurs by controlled fluid exchange). For the past 30 years, systematic mechanical experiments have also been performed on single myofibrils (a sub-cellular organelle that has a number of sarcomeres arranged in series), and from that preparation, our group pioneered dynamic measurements on mechanically isolated, single sarcomeres [1]. Finally, Finer et al. [2] were the first to publish work on single protein-protein interactions using laser trapping techniques, and used this technique to measure the forces and step sizes of single cross-bridges attaching to an isolated actin molecule. Laser trapping, atomic force microscopy and other microand nano-scale techniques have also been used to explore the properties of isolated contractile (actin, myosin) or structural muscle proteins, such as titin, nebulin, and desmin.
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تاریخ انتشار 2012